Question
3
Background
Roan University (Roan) is based in Teeland, which is a developed country. The government of Teeland has stated that it will cut part of the funding for the university and has made it clear that Roan must develop new replacement income streams(替代收入来源). Roan will remain state owned.
Saugh University (Saugh) is based in Deeland, which has a developing economy and which is culturally different to Teeland. Saugh’s funding is from the government of Deeland and this funding is secure for the foreseeable future.
The government of Deeland has indicated that it wants the university to develop joint ventures and alliances with universities in developed countries.(鼓励兼并与联合)
Roan and Saugh have recently entered into a joint venture to set up a new university in Deeland. The new university is called RS University (RSU). Roan and Saugh each own 50% of the joint venture and a new purpose-built campus has been constructed. RSU will welcome students within three months(三个月后开学).

Details of the joint venture
Roan and Saugh have established a joint management board (MB) to manage the long-term and short-term operations of RSU. The MB’s membership is 50% from each university, plus at least one government representative from Deeland. The MB meets at least three times per annum and the position of chairman on the MB rotates between Roan and Saugh on a meeting-by-meeting basis.(董事会结构)
Roan has stated that its aim for the joint venture RSU is ‘to internationally expand our provision and lead educational developments in the global arena by enhancing our revenue streams from innovative sources.’ Saugh, however, has made it clear that it will view the success of RSU by the quality of the graduates who are produced and by the contribution these graduates make to society.(Mission)
Saugh is keen that Roan sends as many home-based staff from Teeland to teach at RSU in Deeland as is possible but Roan would prefer to recruit local staff in Deeland to undertake its teaching obligations at RSU. Roan’s teaching staff have voiced concerns(表达担忧) about the extensive travel involved to teach at RSU and have also indicated that their work at Roan is likely to suffer if they teach at RSU.

Specifically, they feel that they would not be able to effectively undertake their teaching duties, research activities or supervision of students at Roan. Negotiations are currently taking place between the teachers’ trade union, which Roan’s staff belong to, and management at Roan which could result in all Roan’s teaching staff refusing to teach at RSU.
Public view of the joint venture
There has been some criticism of the joint venture within the local community in Teeland. A parent of one of the students studying at Roan has written, on behalf of a newly-formed public pressure group, to the local newspaper saying, ‘All the attention at Roan is on this inappropriate joint venture.
My son was told that he could not receive any help or guidance as the staff who could help him were all overseas helping with the development of RSU. His exam results were three weeks late as there was no one there to mark(打分) the exams. This is not acceptable. Roan should exist to educate Teeland students primarily. Everything else is secondary.’
Membership of the public pressure group is growing.(不满的人越来越多)
Stakeholder analysis
Roan has undertaken an analysis of its stakeholders using Mendelow’s matrix. Part of this work is supplied below, along with the justifications for the categorisation of the three stakeholder groups.


Government of Teeland – the government would be keen to(热衷于) know of any financial problems or difficulties with the joint venture but, generally, it would belong in segment A(象限A) so minimal effort should be expended.
Roan teachers’ trade union – the teachers’ trade union’s power could be high if it has the backing to recommend to the management of Roan that Roan employees will not travel to or teach at RSU. If Roan can recruit local staff for RSU,
the power and interest of the trade union will both be low as there will be little or no need for its involvement. If Roan cannot recruit local staff, then the power and interest of the trade union will both be high and it will fall into category
D of being a key player.
Public pressure group in Teeland – the group has a very high level of interest in the joint venture and its power may be determined by its size. If it grows significantly, then its power may become high also. For the present, its power is
likely to be low so the group will fall into category B – kept informed.

Required:
It is now 1 September 20X5.
(a) Discuss the problems that will be encountered in managing and measuring performance in the RSU joint venture. (16 marks)
(b) For each of the three stakeholder groups, recommend and justify an appropriate performance measure which could be used by Roan. (9 marks)
(25 marks)


Mind set


Answer
3
(a) Managing performance
Establishing common objectives
The initial problem with regard to managing performance in any joint venture is establishing its objectives and goals and the aims of each university for the joint venture of RSU are different.
Roan’s main purpose for undertaking the joint venture is to find a new revenue stream. The word profit is not explicitly stated in their view of the joint venture but nevertheless it has to be assumed that Roan is seeking to make a financial return from this and that its focus will be on maximising that return rather than maximising revenue to the disregard of cost. In terms of performance management, therefore, the focus of Roan is likely to be on ensuring that these main goals are met and therefore areas of finance and resource utilisation and consumption are likely to form the core of the management system.(举例说明目标设立就存在矛盾)

Saugh’s main purpose for undertaking the joint venture is to enhance its status within its own country, and perhaps globally, as a renowned institution of learning. The focus for Saugh in terms of how performance of RSU is managed is likely to be on the reputation of Saugh, staff development and the destinations of its graduates.
Developing a joint venture in terms of its financial return and in terms of the contribution that it makes to society may be possible within a performance management framework but it is clear that these aims are contradictory. At a simple level, focusing on the financial aspects can lead to a lack of investment which may damage the quality of the joint venture’s provision and, ultimately, the contribution that the graduates of RSU can make to society.

Lack of stable leadership
It is clear from the scenario that the rotational nature of the chairman of the management board (MB) will almost ensure that there is a lack of stable leadership. Unless the universities can agree on a common and mutually acceptable aim, the chairman is likely to be acting more in the interests of their own university than in the interests of the joint venture.
The inclusion of at least one government official from Deeland on the MB may also present problems from the perspective of Roan with regard to performance management. As the current balance of the MB membership is 50:50, the inclusion of representatives from Deeland would clearly tip the balance in favour of Saugh. This is likely to lead to a loss of control for Roan which would clearly have an effect on the manner in which the joint venture is managed in terms of its performance.
Measuring performance
Given the challenging funding environment in Teeland, reflected in the overall view of Roan with regards to what the aim of the joint venture should be, Roan will be focused on the financial return of RSU. This means that Roan would seek to measure traditional financial measures such as return on investment and operating surplus.
Roan’s focus is likely to be specifically on the fees charged, student numbers, costs incurred and on return on investment overall. The measures that Roan would like to see would therefore relate to fee growth, student numbers and cost reduction. It is not clear how quickly Roan is seeking to achieve a return on the investment but from the scenario it can be assumed, given the cuts to governmental funding, that it would prefer a return to be achieved in the short term as well as over the long term.
Roan may therefore be keen to spend a significant amount on advertising, to boost student numbers in the short term, rather than wait for the reputation of RSU to grow by word of mouth.

Saugh appears to be free from any financial constraints, at least in the short term. Its funding is secure and this means that
Saugh is unlikely to be interested in assessing the performance of RSU with any traditional financial metrics. As a result, this may place Saugh in direct conflict with Roan with regard to many decisions. For example, Saugh may feel that enhancing classroom technology in RSU is necessary and should be undertaken immediately without understanding that this would represent a significant further investment for Roan.
Saugh will be more focused on the quality of the students that are admitted to RSU, their performance whilst at university and their occupation and perhaps salary level on leaving the university. There is likely to be conflict with Roan with regard to students that are admitted to RSU as Roan will be more focused on recruiting as many students as possible whereas Saugh will be more focused on the grades that these students have achieved either at school or in previous study.

Both universities will be interested in how the students perform at RSU. Roan’s reputation would suffer significantly, for example, if it were to accept students who failed its programmes in large numbers. However, Roan will be less focused on the level of excellence achieved by students of RSU than Saugh. Again, this is likely to lead to conflict as Saugh will be motivated to undertake additional investment, be it in terms of staff time in the form of extra classes or through extra resources that are likely to help students achieve higher grades.
Roan is also likely to be interested in how graduates of RSU perform after graduation but it is not as important to them as it is to Saugh. Saugh may therefore be keen to devote significant resource to developing strong links with local industry to ensure that RSU graduates are equipped with the correct skills. Saugh will also want to devote significant resource to monitoring and measuring how the graduates perform after graduation. Saugh may, for example, initiate surveys at various points following graduation at intervals of perhaps one, five and ten years. Given the focus of Roan, it is unlikely to want to devote much by way of resources to such measurement.
As a measure of commitment to the joint venture, Saugh will definitely be motivated to measure how many of Roan’s staff will teach at RSU. Saugh may try to impose specific measures here, such as percentage of Roan staff from Teeland teaching on each programme, as it is clear that the involvement of Roan is a critical success factor for Saugh in achieving its aims.

(b) Government of Teeland
The government of Teeland is only likely to be interested in the performance of RSU if there is a significant failing. The most obvious examples relate to a financial default through overspend or, potentially, a scandal involving staff of Roan in Deeland whilst working at RSU.
It would be impossible to either plan for or meaningfully measure this latter scenario and hence the most likely aspect to be of interest to the government of Teeland is the liquidity of Roan. A simple measure of this, even something as straightforward as the cash surplus of Roan, would confirm to the government of Teeland that Roan is unlikely to go into liquidation.
This measure should be considered alongside the long-term liquidity of Roan and the government would be interested in knowing if Roan had taken on any long-term debt to fund the joint venture and, if so, its overall proportion in Roan’s capital structure.

Teachers’ trade union
The teachers’ trade union would be interested in the number of programmes or courses that are being offered in RSU. The more programmes that are offered, the more likely it is that Roan staff will be required by their employer to teach inDeeland.
Fewer courses would increase the possibility that local provision for teaching could be found. However, the more courses that are offered, the less likely it is that the necessary specialism could be found through local provision in a developing country.
Public pressure group
The public pressure group would be interested in how much time is being spent by staff of Roan, perhaps teaching staff in particular rather than those of a higher level of management, in Deeland. The pressure group would like to see this figure probably presented in absolute terms and measured month by month to allow for comparison and trend analysis. The higher this figure becomes the more active the pressure group is likely to become and the more the membership of the pressure group is likely to grow.(答案的长度和内容取决于案例给的信息有多少,按照给的信息去演绎答案)